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Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment Latest Articles    
Latest articles Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment

Microscopic analysis of the engineering geological behavior of soft clay in Shanghai, China

Online Date: Fri, 23 Jul 2010 12:12:22 GMT

Abstract  
The upper 75 m of the alluvium beneath Shanghai can be divided into three clay layers. Consolidation of the upper soft clay contributes to the average 3 mm/year land subsidence which occurs in the Shanghai region, despite mitigation measures including reduction in groundwater exploitation from the underlying aquifer and groundwater recharge. Data indicate that the soft clay is semi-dispersed, marginally stable, and susceptible to compaction. The study reports an analysis of the granulometric characteristics and aggregate components, pore-size distribution, microstructure, pore solution composition and cation exchangeability of the soft clay. The results indicate the deformation/consolidation of the soft clay is related to its microscopic physical and chemical characteristics rather than the fluctuation of the groundwater level in the underlying aquifer.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0305-z
  • Authors
    • Tian-Liang Yang, Tongji University Department of Geotechnical Engineering 1239 Siping Road Shanghai 200092 People’s Republic of China
    • Shi-Liang Gong, Shanghai Institute of Geological Survey 706 Room, Geological Building, 930 Lingshi Road Shanghai 200072 People’s Republic of China
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Pompage d’une nappe libre rechargée: solutions pour la charge hydraulique et le temps de transfert

Online Date: Fri, 23 Jul 2010 12:12:18 GMT

Résumé  
Avec les hypothèses de Dupuit, une nouvelle solution analytique est établie pour le pompage permanent d’un aquifère idéal à nappe libre rechargé par infiltration. La nouvelle solution est complète pour les deux parties du domaine mathématique, ce qui n’était pas le cas des solutions partielles antérieures. Une autre nouvelle solution est alors fournie pour le temps qu’un traceur non réactif met pour atteindre le puits en régime permanent. L’intégrale donnant le temps n’a pas de primitive connue mais se calcule aisément, soit numériquement soit par une équation simplifiée. Le calcul numérique et l’équation simplifiée donnent des temps voisins de ceux obtenus avec des codes d’éléments finis pour l’écoulement souterrain saturé et non saturé et le suivi de particules.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0307-x
  • Authors
    • Robert P. Chapuis, École Polytechnique Département des génies civil géologique et des mines C.P. 6079, Succ. CV Montréal QC H3C 3A7 Canada
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Unloading deformation during layered excavation for the underground powerhouse of Jinping I Hydropower Station, southwest China

Online Date: Mon, 19 Jul 2010 17:45:44 GMT

Abstract  
The paper discusses the strong asymmetric deformation and failure of the rock surfaces which have taken place in the 40–75 MPa marble during the excavation for the underground powerhouse and transformer chamber of the Jinping I Hydropower Station, southwest China. The deformation and damage of the rock mass closely relate to the magnitude of the geo-stresses, boundary conditions of the underground caverns, rock properties and the method and sequence of excavation. Ground stress test results show that the maximum principal stress reaches 35.7 MPa in the slope, and the average σ1 intersects with the axis of underground powerhouse at an angle of 28°. Strong displacements had taken place at the sidewalls of the caverns and significant instantaneous uplift deformation of the floor occurred, particularly when the first layer was excavated.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0308-9
  • Authors
    • Faquan Wu, Chinese Academy of Sciences Engineering Geomechanics Laboratory, Institute of Geology and Geophysics P.O. Box 9825 Beijing 100029 People’s Republic of China
    • Xiuhong Hu, Chinese Academy of Sciences Engineering Geomechanics Laboratory, Institute of Geology and Geophysics P.O. Box 9825 Beijing 100029 People’s Republic of China
    • Manfu Gong, HydroChina Chengdu Engineering Corporation Chengdu 610072 People’s Republic of China
    • Jianyou Liu, Chinese Academy of Sciences Engineering Geomechanics Laboratory, Institute of Geology and Geophysics P.O. Box 9825 Beijing 100029 People’s Republic of China
    • Aiwu Ren, Chinese Academy of Sciences Engineering Geomechanics Laboratory, Institute of Geology and Geophysics P.O. Box 9825 Beijing 100029 People’s Republic of China
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Optimisation of an abrasion resistance test method on natural stones

Online Date: Sat, 10 Jul 2010 07:03:42 GMT

Abstract  
The determination of abrasion resistance according to EN 14157 “Natural stone test method—determination of abrasion resistance” is required for the CE (European conformity) marking on natural stones. A great deal of abrasive material is necessary for this test, which makes it relatively costly. Furthermore, Boulonnaise marble, the reference stone, is not easily available. The study reports the assessment of Canaloni (Carrara) marble as an alternative reference material using the Capon apparatus, which demonstrates its suitability for this purpose. An evaluation was also made of the effectiveness of the abrasive material (carborundum) after it has been used for the three times stated in the Standard and it was found that its performance remains unchanged, even after a higher number of tests.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0291-1
  • Authors
    • P. Marini, Politecnico di Torino Land, Environment and Geo-Engineering Department Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Turin Italy
    • R. Bellopede, Politecnico di Torino Land, Environment and Geo-Engineering Department Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Turin Italy
    • L. Perino, Turin Italy
    • C. De Regibus, Politecnico di Torino Land, Environment and Geo-Engineering Department Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Turin Italy
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Influence of geomorphology and bathymetry on the effects of the 2004 tsunami at Colachel, South India

Online Date: Thu, 08 Jul 2010 16:18:29 GMT

Abstract  
The paper reports a study of the effects of the 26th December 2004 tsunami on a 3 km length of coastline in southern India. GIS maps were prepared based on field surveys and accounts given by eye-witnesses and survivors. It is concluded that the main height and run-out of the wave were much affected by the on-shore topography and off-shore bathymetry. Where the water immediately off-shore is deepest, the wave was highest, reaching some 10 m. The extent of the inundation is exacerbated by the presence of creeks/estuaries, where it extended to a kilometer inland, and minimized by the presence of a rocky coastline. Recommendations are made to mitigate the hazard.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0303-1
  • Authors
    • C. Hentry, St. Jude’s College Thoothoor, Kanyakumari District 629 176 Tamilnadu India
    • N. Chandrasekar, Manonmanium Sundaranar University Centre for GeoTechnology Tirunelveli 627 012 Tamilnadu India
    • S. Saravanan, Manonmanium Sundaranar University Centre for GeoTechnology Tirunelveli 627 012 Tamilnadu India
    • J. Dajkumar Sahayam, Manonmanium Sundaranar University Centre for GeoTechnology Tirunelveli 627 012 Tamilnadu India
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Geoelectrical imaging in the interpretation of geological conditions affecting quarry operations

Online Date: Tue, 06 Jul 2010 17:01:03 GMT

Abstract  
Determination of the subsurface geology is very important for the rock quarry industry. This is primarily done by drilling and mapping. However, in Sweden, the bedrock is often completely covered by Quaternary sediments, making the prediction quite difficult. This study shows that electrical resistivity imaging together with induced polarization proved to be very efficient in detecting fracture frequency, major fracture zones and variations in rock mass quality, all of which can affect the aggregate quality. These techniques can also determine the thickness of the overburden. Furthermore, by doing 2D-parallel data sampling, a 3D inversion of the dataset is possible, which greatly enhances the visualization of the subsurface. Implementation of geophysics can be a valuable tool for the quarry industry, resulting in substantial economic benefits.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0286-y
  • Authors
    • Mimmi K. Magnusson, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering Teknikringen 72 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
    • Joanne M. R. Fernlund, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering Teknikringen 72 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
    • Torleif Dahlin, Lund University Department of Engineering Geology Box 118 221 00 Lund Sweden
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Effect of freeze–thaw and thermal shock weathering on the physical and mechanical properties of an andesite stone

Online Date: Sun, 04 Jul 2010 22:44:43 GMT

Abstract  
Natural stones are exposed to physical weathering due to freeze–thaw (F–T) and thermal shock (TS) when they are used as pavement, cladding and masonry material. In this study, the deterioration of andesite was investigated by determining the physical and mechanical properties of andesite samples after each 10 cycles of F–T and TS up to 50 cycles. It was found that the P-wave velocity, Schmidt hardness and compressive strength decrease to different extents with F–T and TS while porosity and water absorption increase with F–T cycles but decrease with TS cycles. The results showed that F–T has a more destructive effect on the studied material than TS, although abrasion loss measurements suggest that the effect on the surface of the material is greater with TS. An exponential model is proposed to predict the variation of material properties with F–T and TS cycles.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0302-2
  • Authors
    • Huseyin Yavuz, Suleyman Demirel University Department of Mining Engineering 32260 Isparta Turkey
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Estimation of strength parameters of rock using artificial neural networks

Online Date: Fri, 02 Jul 2010 19:41:50 GMT

Abstract  
The accurate determination of geomechanical properties such as uniaxial compressive strength and shear strength requires considerable time in collecting appropriate samples, their preparation and laboratory testing. To minimize the time and cost, a number of empirical relations have been reported which are widely used for the estimation of complex rock properties from more easily acquired data. This paper reports the use of an artificial neural network to predict the deformation properties of Coal Measure rocks using dynamic wave velocity, point load index, slake durability index and density. The results confirm the applicability of this method.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0301-3
  • Authors
    • Kripamoy Sarkar, SPCE Department of Civil Engineering Munshi Nagar, Andheri (W) Mumbai 400058 India
    • Avyaktanand Tiwary, BHU Institute of Technology Varanasi 221005 India
    • T. N. Singh, IIT Bombay Department of Earth Sciences Powai 400076 India
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Discussion on the paper entitled “A correlation between P–wave velocity, impact strength index, slake durability index and uniaxial compressive strength” by P.K. Sharma and T.N. Singh (DOI 10.1007/s10064-007-0109-y)

Online Date: Wed, 09 Jun 2010 09:09:08 GMT

Discussion on the paper entitled “A correlation between P–wave velocity, impact strength index, slake durability index and uniaxial compressive strength” by P.K. Sharma and T.N. Singh (DOI 10.1007/s10064-007-0109-y)

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Discussion
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0261-7
  • Authors
    • N. Arıoğlu, Istanbul Technical University Building Material Division, Architectural Faculty Taksim Istanbul Turkey
    • G. Kurt, Yapı Merkezi Companies Group Inc. R&D Department Hacı Reşit Paşa Sok. No:7, Blok E Çamlıca 34767 Istanbul Turkey
    • E. Arıoğlu, Yapı Merkezi Companies Group Inc. R&D Department Hacı Reşit Paşa Sok. No:7, Blok E Çamlıca 34767 Istanbul Turkey
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Reply to discussion by N. Arıoğlu, G. Kurt and E. Arıoğlu (DOI: 10.1007/s10064-010-0261-7) on the paper entitled “A correlation between P-wave velocity, impact strength index, slake durability index and uniaxial compressive strength” by P. K. Sharma and T. N. Singh

Online Date: Wed, 09 Jun 2010 09:09:07 GMT

Reply to discussion by N. Arıoğlu, G. Kurt and E. Arıoğlu (DOI: 10.1007/s10064-010-0261-7) on the paper entitled “A correlation between P-wave velocity, impact strength index, slake durability index and uniaxial compressive strength” by P. K. Sharma and T. N. Singh

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Reply
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0273-3
  • Authors
    • P. K. Sharma, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Department of Earth Sciences Powai, Mumbai 400 076 India
    • T. N. Singh, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Department of Earth Sciences Powai, Mumbai 400 076 India
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Structurally controlled earth flows of the Benevento province (Southern Italy)

Online Date: Wed, 02 Jun 2010 16:56:12 GMT

Abstract  
The paper reports an investigation into the distribution and type of landslides in the Benevento province in southern Italy, between 2001 and 2008. Field mapping was undertaken at various scales up to 1:10,000 depending on the features identified. Landslide types were recognized within 5-group litho-technical sequences cropping out in the province, grouped according to their similar mechanical and lithological features. The analysis showed a widespread diffusion of Earth Flows, with reactivation linked to both rainfall and seismic events. They are structurally controlled related to bedding, stratigraphic/tectonic contact between more and less competent sequences and a high degree of tectonisation.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0288-9
  • Authors
    • P. Revellino, Università del Sannio Dipartimento di Studi Geologici e Ambientali via dei Mulini 59/A 82100 Benevento Italy
    • G. Grelle, Università del Sannio Dipartimento di Studi Geologici e Ambientali via dei Mulini 59/A 82100 Benevento Italy
    • A. Donnarumma, Università del Sannio Dipartimento di Studi Geologici e Ambientali via dei Mulini 59/A 82100 Benevento Italy
    • F. M. Guadagno, Università del Sannio Dipartimento di Studi Geologici e Ambientali via dei Mulini 59/A 82100 Benevento Italy
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Artificial neural networks approach for estimating the groutability of granular soils with cement-based grouts

Online Date: Fri, 28 May 2010 17:57:58 GMT

Abstract  
A reliable estimation of the groutability of the target geomaterial is an essential part of any grouting project. An artificial neural network (ANN) model has been developed for the estimation of groutability of granular soils by cement-based grouts, using a database of 87 laboratory results. The proposed model used the water:cement ratio of the grout, relative density of the soil, grouting pressure, and diameter of the sieves through which 15% of the soil particles and 85% of the grout pass. A very good correlation was obtained between the ANN predictions and the laboratory experiments. Comparison of these results with those obtained using traditional methods for groutability prediction confirmed the viability of using ANN to estimate groutability.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0295-x
  • Authors
    • E. Tekin, Gazi University Department of Civil Engineering Ankara Turkey
    • S. O. Akbas, Gazi University Department of Civil Engineering Ankara Turkey
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Geo-engineering properties and settlement of peaty soils at an industrial site (Turkey)

Online Date: Thu, 27 May 2010 16:56:15 GMT

Abstract  
Peats consist of the partly decomposed remains of vegetation, which have accumulated in waterlogged areas. They are often unsuitable for supporting structures of any kind due to their high water content, high compressibility, low shear strength and high degree of spatial variability. The paper reports a preliminary study on peats from industrial sites in the city of Kayseri, Turkey. The soils in the study area are classified as peat to muck. The peats are fibrous at shallow depth and become amorphous as they extend to some 8 m depth. The ranges of geo-engineering properties are generally consistent with those reported in the literature, with some variation due to their higher mineral soil contents. The behavior of the peats is essentially frictional, with high friction and relatively small cohesion. The direct shear tests yielded higher shear strengths than those from the triaxial tests, due to the fact that the peat specimens used in the direct shear tests were rich in fibers and mineral soils. Back analysis of the settlement of heavy rolls of metal wires laid on the peat generally confirmed the consolidation properties of the soil determined in laboratory.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0290-2
  • Authors
    • R. Ulusay, Hacettepe University Department of Geological Engineering Beytepe 06800 Ankara Turkey
    • E. Tuncay, Hacettepe University Department of Geological Engineering Beytepe 06800 Ankara Turkey
    • N. Hasancebi, Hacettepe University Department of Geological Engineering Beytepe 06800 Ankara Turkey
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Engineering geological properties of altered rocks and implications for railway construction in the Sanjiang orogenic belt, Southwest China

Online Date: Tue, 25 May 2010 16:48:57 GMT

Abstract  
The Yunnan-Tibet Railway, currently under construction, crosses five altered rock zones in the Sanjiang orogenic belt, southwestern China. They are mainly montmorillonitized rock zones formed by hydrothermal alteration. Based on field investigation and laboratory tests, this paper presents the geological characteristics and engineering properties of the altered rocks encountered during the construction of the railway. Being characterized by a high montmorillonite content, high degree of alteration, high physico-chemical activity and high swelling potential, these rocks always lead to engineering geological problems. The concept of “alteration coefficient” is put forward; the greater the alteration coefficient, the higher the alteration degree and swelling potential. Countermeasures are proposed to tackle the engineering problems during tunnel construction caused by the altered rock.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0294-y
  • Authors
    • Yongshuang Zhang, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Institute of Geomechanics No. 11 Minzudaxue Nanlu, Haidian District Beijing 100081 China
    • Changbao Guo, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Institute of Geomechanics No. 11 Minzudaxue Nanlu, Haidian District Beijing 100081 China
    • Yongxin Qu, Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Geology and Geophysics Beijing 100029 China
    • Yuhuan Song, Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Geology and Geophysics Beijing 100029 China
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Effect of irrigation on a deep aquifer: a case study from the semi-arid Harran Plain, GAP Project, Turkey

Online Date: Thu, 20 May 2010 16:57:31 GMT

Abstract  
Inappropriate irrigation practices are responsible for the deterioration of groundwater quality in a great number of developing countries, particularly in semi-arid and arid regions. The study was undertaken to determine the variation in groundwater quality of a deep aquifer after surface irrigation was started in the semi-arid Harran Plain, southeast Turkey. Physical and chemical parameters of the groundwater, including pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, sulphate and nitrate, were determined on a monthly basis from November 2008 to July 2009. The quality of the deep aquifer was assessed hydrochemically in order to determine its suitability for human consumption and agricultural purposes. With the exception of two wells, the measured and analyzed parameters in all the groundwater samples were below the internationally accepted maximum concentrations for human consumption and for agricultural purposes. The study identified a local contamination as a consequence of excess irrigation, high evaporation rates and drainage. It is hoped that the results will assist planners in the proper design and control of irrigation schemes to avoid further deterioration of these important aquifers.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0299-6
  • Authors
    • M. Irfan Yesilnacar, Harran University Department of Environmental Engineering Osmanbey Campus 63190 Şanlıurfa Turkey
    • Ibrahim Yenigun, Harran University Department of Environmental Engineering Osmanbey Campus 63190 Şanlıurfa Turkey
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Evolution of the Sedrun landslide (Graubünden, Switzerland) with ortho-rectified air images

Online Date: Thu, 20 May 2010 16:57:28 GMT

Abstract  
The slope movement at Sedrun (Switzerland) has been studied with ortho-rectified images. Displacement maps compiled for two periods (1973–1990 and 1990–2003), based on a correlation of the aerial images indicate maximum average slope movements of 60 cm/year, similar to those obtained by traditional photogrammetry over the period 1973–1990. The limits of the most active zones determined by image correlation correspond to those obtained by fieldwork. Comparison of the two displacement maps shows an acceleration of the instability of 150% since 1990. This paper demonstrates the value of using more than one technique to help understand the evolution of this long-term instability.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0293-z
  • Authors
    • Johan Kasperski, Centre d’Études Techniques de Lyon Laboratoire des Ponts et Chaussées de Lyon 25, avenue François Mitterrand, Case n °1 69674 Bron France
    • Christophe Delacourt, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Domaines Océaniques, UMR 6538 Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer Place Copernic 29280 Plouzane France
    • Pascal Allemand, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1 ENS-Lyon et CNRS Laboratoire des Sciences de la Terre, UMR 5570 2, rue Raphaël Dubois 69622 Villeurbanne France
    • Pierre Pothérat, Centre d’Études Techniques de Lyon Laboratoire des Ponts et Chaussées de Lyon 25, avenue François Mitterrand, Case n °1 69674 Bron France
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Flyrock danger zone demarcation in opencast mines: a risk based approach

Online Date: Thu, 20 May 2010 16:57:28 GMT

Abstract  
Flyrock, a rock fragment thrown to an excessive distance, is a random event and an ongoing problem in opencast bench blasting. Existing criteria for a ‘Flyrock Danger Zone’ are rigid, such that blasting may not be permitted where there are structures within about 100 m. A statistical approach to the problem is proposed and new concepts of Factor of Safety, Threat Levels and Flyrock Risk have been introduced in order to elucidate risk classes for different geo-mining conditions. The new criteria allow the mining engineer to work out the confidence level of the blasting practice in terms probabilities and risk. The approach is unique, with the emphasis on the categories of blasting and degree of risk that a blasting engineer can afford without sacrificing production and at the same time controlling the travel distance of the flyrock. The proposed dynamic danger zone gives the engineer flexibility to adjust blasting operations to take account of safety requirements and production demands.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0298-7
  • Authors
    • A. K. Raina, Regional Centre, Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research 3rd Floor MECL Complex, Seminary Hills Nagpur 440 006 India
    • A. K. Chakraborty, Regional Centre, Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research 3rd Floor MECL Complex, Seminary Hills Nagpur 440 006 India
    • P. B. Choudhury, Regional Centre, Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research 3rd Floor MECL Complex, Seminary Hills Nagpur 440 006 India
    • A. Sinha, Regional Centre, Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research 3rd Floor MECL Complex, Seminary Hills Nagpur 440 006 India
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Effect of precipitation on the geological development of badlands in arid regions

Online Date: Thu, 20 May 2010 16:57:26 GMT

Abstract  
The main objective of this paper was to study the effect of precipitation on the geological development of badlands in arid regions. Field observations and laboratory investigations were carried out to characterize the surface soils of the Avonlea badlands in southern Saskatchewan, Canada, which is currently experiencing a rapid development in infrastructure. Three distinct surface sediments were identified: an upper slope of cemented sandstone, a mid-slope on weathered mudrock and a relatively flat basal pediment. Each of these soils reacts differently to rainfall events. Precipitation results in grain size reduction which, together with the consistency limits, explains the water sensitivity of the soils; the fines increased by 16% in the cemented sandstone, 78% in the weathered mudrock and 33% in the basal pediment. Erosion susceptibility was highest in the basal pediment (2% clays) followed by cemented sandstone (cementation by 6% active clays) and then by weathered mudrock (cohesion due to the 40% clay).

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0300-4
  • Authors
    • Peter Imumorin, SaskEnergy TransGas, SaskEnergy Place 1777 Victoria Ave. Regina SK S4P 4K5 Canada
    • Shahid Azam, University of Regina Environmental Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science 3737 Wascana Parkway Regina SK S4S 0A2 Canada
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Analyses of acoustic emission response of a fault breccia in uniaxial deformation

Online Date: Thu, 20 May 2010 16:57:26 GMT

Abstract  
Interpretation of mechanical tests on block-in-matrix rocks (bimrocks) is difficult and often open to dispute as, with deformation, the interactions between blocks, matrix and pores are complex, reflecting the influence of their different shape, size, strength and stiffness. The acoustic emission (AE) technique can be used to record an ultrasound pulse emitted by a defect within the sample at the moment of its occurrence. Typically several deformations occur, such as crack closure, crack initiation or permanent crack damage, but they may be difficult to visualize with a fault breccia. Consequently, with fault breccia it is advisable to focus on the primary stage of deformation where the acoustic emission response may be traced to properties of the breccia, such as block proportions. The paper shows that the different geometrical properties, particularly the volumetric block proportions, are reflected by stress concentrations which in turn trigger specific AE signatures.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0296-9
  • Authors
    • N. Slatalla, Ruhr-University Bochum Engineering Geology Group Universitätsstr. 150 44780 Bochum Germany
    • M. Alber, Ruhr-University Bochum Engineering Geology Group Universitätsstr. 150 44780 Bochum Germany
    • S. Kahraman, Nigde University Mining Engineering Department Nigde Turkey
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Engineering geological evaluation of the conditions for constructing a bridge and a tunnel in the zone of the old Petrovaradin Fortress, Serbia

Online Date: Wed, 19 May 2010 11:23:30 GMT

Abstract  
The paper discusses the geotechnical conditions related to the construction of a new bridge over the Danube and a tunnel passing beneath the Petrovaradin Fortress at Novi Sad, Serbia. Analyses showed that both the bridge and the tunnel could be built without causing damage to any of the historical structures and that it would better to build two 8 m wide tunnels than a single 16 m wide structure. One of the two tunnels will involve the widening of an existing one, whereas the other will be newly constructed. The evidence suggests that the new bridge can be built on the reinforced piers of a bridge which was destroyed in World War II.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0292-0
  • Authors
    • M. Djogo, University of Novi Sad Department of Civil Engineering Novi Sad Serbia
    • M. Vasic, University of Novi Sad Department of Civil Engineering Novi Sad Serbia
    • M. Cosic, University of Novi Sad Department of Civil Engineering Novi Sad Serbia
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Experimental assessment of long-term durability of some weak rocks

Online Date: Wed, 19 May 2010 11:23:30 GMT

Abstract  
Slake durability tests, point load strength tests and X-ray diffraction analyses were carried out on thirteen rock types in an attempt to correlate the durability of the rocks with their strengths and mineral compositions. A concept is proposed to describe the rock degradation characteristics from the results of slake durability test cycles. A new classification system is introduced for rock durability, which allows the prediction of the strength of a rock when it has been affected by the weathering process. The aim of the study was to predict the influence of the weathering process (simulated by wetting and drying and heating and cooling) on the durability and strength of the volcanic, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks outcropping in eastern Thailand. Field studies were carried out in an attempt to relate the heat absorption of the rocks in situ to that measured on the laboratory specimens.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0297-8
  • Authors
    • Kittitep Fuenkajorn, Suranaree University of Technology Geomechanics Research Unit, Institute of Engineering Muang District Nakhon Ratchasima 30000 Thailand
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Surface subsidence induced by twin subway tunnelling in soft ground conditions in Istanbul

Online Date: Sat, 01 May 2010 06:54:39 GMT

Abstract  
Unlike the symmetrical surface settlement trough of a single tunnel which can be described using the Gaussian function, surface settlement over twin tunnels can be symmetric with respect to the mid-point between two tunnels or asymmetric. The paper reports the settlement troughs which developed when earth pressure balance (EPB) machines were used to excavate twin tunnels at shallow depth in the soft ground conditions beneath a developed part of Istanbul. An attempt is made to evaluate the effects of different factors on the surface subsidence. Detailed monitoring was undertaken when one tunnel was advanced ahead of the other and when only one tunnel was being driven. It was found that the shapes of the subsidence troughs over the two tunnels were different and varied with the excavation of the second/subsequent tunnel. It is concluded that changes in the subsidence trough are related to disturbance in the geo-material when an excavation is advanced ahead, as well as the nature and thickness of the overburden.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0289-8
  • Authors
    • Yılmaz Mahmutoğlu, Technical University of Istanbul Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Mines 34469 Maslak, Istanbul Turkey
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Evaluation of the long-term durability of yellow travertine using accelerated weathering tests

Online Date: Sat, 01 May 2010 06:54:39 GMT

Abstract  
The study investigated the long-term performance/durability of yellow travertine against various environmental processes using several accelerated weathering tests: wet–dry, freeze–thaw and salt crystallization. Prior to the accelerated weathering tests, the specimens were separated into two groups based on their porosities. The re-crystallization pressure of Na2SO4 salt was found to be the most destructive factor in the deterioration of the yellow travertine, with a maximum of 50% loss of integrity recorded. The recurrent cycles of wetting–drying and freezing–thawing caused relatively minor damage. After the experimental studies, the disintegration rate was statistically evaluated using the alteration index–alteration velocity and the decay function approaches. Both statistical models confirmed that the rate of disintegration was higher with salt re-crystallization pressures in the less porous yellow travertines compared with that resulting from wet–dry and freeze–thaw cycles.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0287-x
  • Authors
    • Mutluhan Akin, General Directorate of Bank of Provinces Department of Geotechnical Investigation Ankara Turkey
    • Aydın Özsan, Ankara University Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering 06100 Ankara Turkey
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Comparison of the geotechnical properties of crushed shales from Southeastern Nigeria

Online Date: Wed, 28 Apr 2010 08:03:22 GMT

Résumé  
Les propriétés géotechniques de schistes concassés des formations d’Abakaliki (Albien), d’Awgu (Coniacien) et d’Enugu (Campanien) ont été évaluées afin de déterminer les usages possibles dans les projets de construction. Les résultats indiquent que les schistes d’Abakaliki sont vraisemblablement adéquats comme matériaux de remblai, bien que les valeurs de limites de liquidité et d’indices de plasticité relativement fortes puissent conduire à des phénomènes de gonflement après compactage. Ils ne conviennent pas comme matériaux de sous-couche ou couche de base dans les structures de chaussées. Les schistes d’Awgu et d’Enugu peuvent aussi servir comme matériaux de remblai, bien que leur fraction fine dépasse les limites des recommandations. Ces deux types de schistes ne conviennent pas comme matériaux de sous-couche ou couche de base, sauf si des traitements sont envisagés. L’utilisation d’équipements lourds de compactage est recommandée lorsque ces schistes sont utilisés dans des projets géotechniques.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0285-z
  • Authors
    • C. O. Okogbue, University of Nigeria Department of Geology Nsukka Nigeria
    • O. P. Aghamelu, University of Nigeria Department of Geology Nsukka Nigeria
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Studies of mineral surface interactions with water using pycnometric measurements

Online Date: Wed, 14 Apr 2010 16:51:43 GMT

Abstract  
This paper describes how simple pycnometric studies using water and a non-polar fluid such as n-heptane, may be used to recognise the presence and indicate the magnitude of chemical “reactions” between mineral surfaces and water. The results of such studies on glass, feldspar, quartz, and olivine, are reported, together with observations of the influence changes in pH can have upon such mineral–water responses. In all cases the mass density of these solids was lower when measured in water than that measured in n-heptane, suggesting their contact with water creates a boundary layer of lower density material around the particles; differences of up to 11% are possible. Such boundary layers can influence mechanical properties and could partly explain time dependent behaviour under constant effective stress. They also respond differently to solutions of different pH, with measured density decreasing by approximately 7% as pH increases from 3 (strongly acidic) to 11 (strongly basic). Such phenomena add a new field of studies to the description, investigation and quantification of soils and rocks.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0284-0
  • Authors
    • C. Butenuth, Imperial College London Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering SW7 2AZ London UK
    • M. H. de Freitas, Imperial College London Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering SW7 2AZ London UK
    • N. Passas, Technical University of Crete Department of Environmental Engineering Chania Crete Greece
    • V. Butenova, Charles University Department of Geochemistry Albertov 6 12000 Praha Czech Republic
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Geotechnical and hydrochemical properties of sewage sludge

Online Date: Wed, 07 Apr 2010 19:19:40 GMT

Abstract  
The geotechnical and geochemical properties of sewage sludge from Kaunas city, Lithuania, were investigated to assess whether it could form a low permeability landfill cover. New sludge, sludge stored or kept in the atmosphere and old sludge were studied. It was found that over time the strength of the sewage sludge increased due to self-consolidation and destruction of organic material. The concentration of metals in the sewage extract was considerably lower than in the landfill leachate. It was concluded that if kept in an open polygon for 1–2 years, the sewage sludge can be used as a low permeability landfill cover.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0279-x
  • Authors
    • Jonas Diliūnas, Institute of Geology and Geography Groundwater Department T.Sevcenkos Str. 13 03223 Vilnius Lithuania
    • Kastytis Dundulis, Vilnius University Faculty of Nature Sciences Vilnius Lithuania
    • Saulius Gadeikis, Vilnius University Faculty of Nature Sciences Vilnius Lithuania
    • Arūnas Jurevičius, Institute of Geology and Geography Groundwater Department T.Sevcenkos Str. 13 03223 Vilnius Lithuania
    • Mykolas Kaminskas, Institute of Geology and Geography Groundwater Department T.Sevcenkos Str. 13 03223 Vilnius Lithuania
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Geophysical characterization of the large-scale internal structure of a waste rock pile from a hard rock mine

Online Date: Wed, 07 Apr 2010 19:19:39 GMT

Abstract  
A geophysical investigation was conducted on a waste rock pile of a polymetallic mine to define its internal structure. Three different areas of the pile were investigated using electrical resistivity imaging, ground penetrating radar, and electromagnetic conductivity techniques. The surveys were conducted on the top of the pile, along the slope of the upper bench and in several boreholes drilled into the pile. Laboratory testing was also undertaken on samples taken from three exploratory trenches dug into the top surface in order to ascertain their geochemical and hydrogeological properties. The geophysical surveys indicated a general horizontal layering in the core of the pile and dipping stratification parallel to the slope along the edges. These features are related to the method of construction and, to a lesser extent, to a change in the waste rock characteristics. Integrating all the data confirmed that such geophysical investigations can provide valuable information to assess the internal structure of a waste rock pile. The ensuing structural model can then be used to construct a hydrogeological model which can form a basis for evaluating the flow of water (and gas) in the pile.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0264-4
  • Authors
    • Olivier Anterrieu, Fondasol Géotechnique Dept. Géologie Géophysique 290 Av. des Galoubets 84140 Montfavet France
    • Michel Chouteau, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering C.P. 6079, succ. C-V Montreal H3C 3A7 Canada
    • Michel Aubertin, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering C.P. 6079, succ. C-V Montreal H3C 3A7 Canada
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Fines characterization through the methylene blue and sand equivalent test: comparison with other experimental techniques and application of criteria to the aggregate quality assessment

Online Date: Wed, 07 Apr 2010 19:19:37 GMT

Abstract  
In road construction the general term fines is used to describe particles passing the 0.063, 0.074 or 0.08 mm sieve. Some types of fines are considered to be relatively inert and have almost no effect on pavement performance, whilst the presence of even small amounts of others can significantly affect the stiffness and freezing–thawing behaviour of unbound and hydraulically bound layers. This paper presents the results of research on 12 Slovenian aggregates produced from limestone and dolomite bedrock, and naturally occurring river alluvium gravel. At each production site three different materials were sampled and tested: the actual aggregate for unbound base layers, the clayey soils, which presented the most potentially harmful component at the specific location, and the stony dust, which presented the finest size of crushed aggregate and is typically found as coatings on the crushed grains. Six different methods were used to identify the nature of the fines: X-ray diffractometry, carbonate content determination, methylene blue, sand equivalent, Enslin–Neff water absorption, Atterberg limits test, soil suction measurements and soil water characteristic curves. Based on the results, the relationship between the properties of the different fines was determined and included in draft Slovenian national criteria for sand equivalent and methylene blue values currently being trialed.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0274-2
  • Authors
    • Ana Petkovšek, University of Ljubljana Chair of Soil Mechanics, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering Ljubljana Slovenia
    • Matej Maček, University of Ljubljana Chair of Soil Mechanics, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering Jamova 2 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
    • Primož Pavšič, Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute Ljubljana Slovenia
    • Feri Bohar, Building Materials Institute IGMAT Ljubljana Slovenia
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Evaluating earthquake-induced liquefaction in the urban area of Larissa, Greece

Online Date: Wed, 07 Apr 2010 19:19:37 GMT

Abstract  
The paper evaluates the liquefaction potential of the subsoil layers at the town of Larissa (Thessaly Plain, Central Greece). Using data from 53 borings with SPT measurements, the liquefaction potential was evaluated based on simplified procedures and by applying the methodology of the liquefaction potential index to the parameters of the soil columns. Maps were developed indicating the quantitative characteristics of the liquefiable layers and the area where there was a probability of surface evidence of liquefaction. The study indicated that the urban area of Larissa should be considered as a low liquefaction area, with the exception of a few sites close to the River Pinios where the liquefaction potential was characterized as medium to high.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0281-3
  • Authors
    • George Papathanassiou, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Department of Geology Egnatia str 54149 Thessaloníki Greece
    • Kostas Seggis, Mandilara 20 41222 Larissa Greece
    • Spyros Pavlides, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Department of Geology Egnatia str 54149 Thessaloníki Greece
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Steady state groundwater seepage in sloping unconfined aquifers

Online Date: Wed, 07 Apr 2010 19:19:34 GMT

Abstract  
This paper reviews analytical solutions for steady state seepage of groundwater in an ideal sloping unconfined aquifer, recharged by an effective infiltration, when the unsaturated seepage is neglected. Available solutions are examined and compared. Their robustness is assessed with a finite element code, which solves the complete equations for saturated and unsaturated flow, thus making none of the simplifying assumptions of the theoretical solutions. An example is provided for a sloping aquifer on the north shore of the Saint-Lawrence River.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0282-2
  • Authors
    • Robert P. Chapuis, Ecole Polytechnique Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering PO Box 6079 Sta. CV Montreal QC H3C 3A7 Canada
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Deformation mechanism and stability evaluation for the left abutment slope of Jinping I hydropower station

Online Date: Wed, 07 Apr 2010 19:19:34 GMT

Abstract  
There are very complicated engineering geological conditions in the left abutment slope of the Jinping I hydropower station with the stress-release opening of fractures along existing faults and where lamprophyre veins are present. Prior to the excavation for the dam, the slope generally consisted of a thick marble mass between fault f5 and the free face. As a consequence of the removal of some of the marble to create the abutment, the stability of the slope would be reduced. The paper reports the stability assessments undertaken, based on engineering geological analysis and block theory and the results of the analysis of key rock masses under four conditions: natural, heavy-rain, earthquake and heavy-rain plus earthquake.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0283-1
  • Authors
    • Runqiu Huang, Chengdu University of Technology State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection Chengdu 610059 China
    • Feng Lin, Chengdu University of Technology State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection Chengdu 610059 China
    • Ming Yan, Chengdu University of Technology State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection Chengdu 610059 China
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Management of rock bursts during excavation of the deep tunnels in Jinping II Hydropower Station

Online Date: Wed, 31 Mar 2010 17:00:48 GMT

Abstract  
Rock mass breakage induced by high in situ stresses during excavation of deep tunnels is one of the key problems in the construction of the Jinping II Hydropower Station. It is not only a threat to the safety of workers, but also seriously affects the construction process. This paper discusses where the rock bursts occur, how they occur and how to reduce their effect.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0266-2
  • Authors
    • Zhi-gang Shan, East China Investigation and Design Institution under CHECC Hangzhou 310014 China
    • Peng Yan, East China Investigation and Design Institution under CHECC Hangzhou 310014 China
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Industrial use of conglomerate from the Kayranlik Mountains, Turkey

Online Date: Wed, 31 Mar 2010 17:00:47 GMT

Abstract  
The Kayranlik Mountain (Goksun) in Kahramanmaras is a rich resource of an attractive conglomerate with many uses in the construction industry including blocks, shaped stones, pavement, sidewalks and landscape architecture. The paper reports a study to assess their compliance with the relevant Turkish and European Standards and provides correlations between the uniaxial compressive strength, flexural strength, Brazilian tensile strength, water absorption, abrasion and density.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0280-4
  • Authors
    • E. Yasar, Mustafa Kemal University Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering 31200 Iskenderun, Hatay Turkey
    • A. Tolgay, Cukurova University Engineering Faculty 01330 Adana Turkey
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Influence of deep seated discontinuities on the left slope of Jinping I Hydropower Station and its stability analysis

Online Date: Mon, 29 Mar 2010 17:10:46 GMT

Abstract  
This paper presents a case history detailing the development of cracks within a rock mass up to 350 m from the steeply incised valley slopes of the Yalong river in South West China, where the Jinping I dam is being constructed. The cracks have opened along previous tectonic structural features such that they penetrate further into the rock mass in the metasandstones and slates than in the marble. The presence of these cracks significantly reduces the stability of the near surface rock mass, requiring major excavation at the dam abutment. Analysis has indicated that the most appropriate way of stabilizing the slopes before the dam is constructed is by grout-infilled, specially constructed galleries which extend 60–80 m from the freshly excavated abutment.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0268-0
  • Authors
    • Shengwen Qi, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Engineering Geomechanics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics Beijing 100029 China
    • Faquan Wu, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Engineering Geomechanics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics Beijing 100029 China
    • Yuande Zhou, The University of Hong Kong Department of Civil Engineering Pokfulam Road Hong Kong Hong Kong, China
    • Yuhuan Song, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Engineering Geomechanics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics Beijing 100029 China
    • Manfu Gong, Institute of Chengdu Investigation and Design of National Electrical Power Chengdu Sichuan 610072 China
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Experimental validation of core-based pre-stress evaluations in rock: a case study of Changchikeng sandstone in the Tseng-wen reservoir transbasin water tunnel

Online Date: Mon, 29 Mar 2010 17:10:46 GMT

Abstract  
The Tseng-wen reservoir transbasin water tunnel project is being excavated in the Changchikeng sandstone in Taiwan, at a depth of up to 1,300 m. This study considers the accuracy of evaluations of the pre-stress of the deep rock obtained using acoustic emission (AE) and deformation rate analysis (DRA) on samples taken at outcrop. The cores were subjected to different stresses to simulate the pre-stresses present at the tunnel elevation and tested with different delay times. The results indicate that the AE method gave poor results compared with those obtained by DRA which correlated well with the “memorized” pre-stress (maximum error 29.61%). Delays of up to 14 days do not appear to have a significant influence on the pre-stress evaluation.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0265-3
  • Authors
    • Jian-Hong Wu, National Cheng Kung University Department Civil Engng No. 1, University Road, 701 Tainan Taiwan
    • Shu-Chi Jan, National Cheng Kung University Department Civil Engng No. 1, University Road, 701 Tainan Taiwan
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Jinping hydropower project: main technical issues on engineering geology and rock mechanics

Online Date: Mon, 29 Mar 2010 17:10:46 GMT

Abstract  
In 1978, the Jinping Project was designed as an integrated hydroelectric power scheme on the Yalong River in Southwest China. Jinping I involves a 305 m high arch dam on the upstream side of the Great Jinping River Bend. Water is directed through the mountains in four 16.7 km long, c. 13 m diameter tunnels, beneath up to 2,525 m of overburden, to the Jinping II underground powerhouse where the head is 310 m. The combined schemes will produce 8,400 MW and an annual power generation of 40.8 TW.h.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0272-4
  • Authors
    • Wu Shiyong, Ertan Hydropower Development Co., Ltd 610051 Chengdu Sichuan China
    • Shen Manbin, Ertan Hydropower Development Co., Ltd 610051 Chengdu Sichuan China
    • Wang Jian, Ertan Hydropower Development Co., Ltd 610051 Chengdu Sichuan China
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Engineering geological problems related to high geo-stresses at the Jinping I Hydropower Station, Southwest China

Online Date: Fri, 26 Mar 2010 19:19:50 GMT

Abstract  
The Jinping I Hydropower Station will generate some 3,600 MW. The site of the 305 m high arch dam is in a steep, 1,500–2,500 m deep valley on the Yalong River in Sichuan Province, South West China. The present geo-stresses in the marble bedrock are up to 40 MPa. Relaxation due to river incision has resulted in fractures opening up to 350 m from the rock face. The geo-stresses in the rock mass are significantly affected by the topography. A concentration of stress has developed at the foot of the slope and in the valley floor; it was estimated there would be 132 mm of relaxation/heave of the formation level. The paper discusses some of the engineering geological problems encountered as a result of the high geo-stresses and the mitigation measures undertaken.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0267-1
  • Authors
    • Manfu Gong, Institute of Chengdu Investigation and Design of National Electrical Power Chengdu 610072 Sichuan China
    • Shengwen Qi, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Engineering Geomechanics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics Beijing 100029 China
    • Jianyou Liu, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Engineering Geomechanics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics Beijing 100029 China
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Rockburst characteristics and numerical simulation based on a new energy index: a case study of a tunnel at 2,500 m depth

Online Date: Fri, 26 Mar 2010 19:19:50 GMT

Abstract  
Rockburst is one of the most difficult problems encountered in the pilot tunnels of the Jinping II hydropower station, where the rock cover is up to 2,500 m. Some typical characteristics of the rockburst events are summarized. These events indicate the intrinsic reason of rockburst is energy release. In order to understand the outburst mechanism, a new energy index, the Local Energy Release Rate (LERR), is put forward to simulate the conditions causing rockburst. By tracking the peak and trough values of elastic strain energy intensity before and after brittle failure, the LERR was developed to help understand rockburst from the viewpoint of energy release. To test its reliability, the brittle breakage of Mine-by tunnel rock in Canada and two rock bursts in the Jinping pilot tunnels were simulated. The results showed that LERR can satisfactorily predict the intensity of a rockburst and the depth of the outburst pit. Although it is not yet possible to determine thresholds at which rockbursts will occur, the study indicates the potential of LERR for evaluating rockbursts in deep underground excavations.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0275-1
  • Authors
    • Quan Jiang, Chinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnique Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics Wuhan 43007 China
    • Xia-Ting Feng, Chinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnique Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics Wuhan 43007 China
    • Tian-Bing Xiang, Chinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnique Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics Wuhan 43007 China
    • Guo-Shao Su, Guangxi University Department of Civil and Architecture Engineering Nanning 530004 China
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Review of approaches to mapping of hazards arising from subsidence into cavities

Online Date: Thu, 25 Mar 2010 19:05:37 GMT

Abstract  
This is one of a series of papers presenting results of work by IAEG Commission No. 1 Engineering Geological Maps, on hazard mapping. Subsidence into cavities is a major constraint to development in many areas leading to damage and, sometimes, loss of life. Many events relate to former mining but subsidence associated with karst is also widespread. Proper assessment of hazard and risk is needed to safeguard property and investment and has an important part to play in planning the location and design of new development and site investigations. Documentation maps and inventories of information are an important starting point but interpretative maps are needed to assess the full extent of the potential hazard. Many decisions have to be made by planners and developers who may not be trained in geoscience thus simplified maps are needed to alert them to potential problems and to the need to seek expert advice as well as providing a basis for prioritizing rehabilitation initiatives. To date, few published studies address the issue of risk mapping.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0277-z
  • Authors
    • Brian R. Marker, 40 Kingsdown Avenue London W13 9PT United Kingdom
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Assessment of chemical weathering of granite stone monuments using reflectance spectroscopy

Online Date: Thu, 25 Mar 2010 19:05:37 GMT

Abstract  
Reflectance spectroscopy was applied to assess the degree of weathering of the granite sculpture of Buddha in Gyeongju, South Korea, using diagnostic absorption features of representative weathering products (iron oxides and clay minerals). The relative weathering degree map obtained using reflectance spectroscopy corresponds closely with the visual interpretation of exfoliations and cracks. Eight chemical weathering indices (Vogt ratio, weathering potential index, Ruxton ratio, Parker index, modified weathering potential index, chemical index of alteration, plagioclase index of alteration, and chemical index of weathering) determined on granite specimens from three sites in Korea were compared with the quantitative absorption depths of iron oxides and clay minerals. Relatively good correlations were found for the modified weathering potential index and Parker index and the absorption features of iron oxides and good correlations between the weathering potential index and Parker index and the absorption depth of clay minerals. The work has shown the applicability of reflectance spectroscopy as a new non-destructive technique for assessing the weathering of stone monuments.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0276-0
  • Authors
    • C. U. Hyun, Seoul National University Department of Energy Systems Engineering 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul 151-744 Korea
    • H. D. Park, Seoul National University Department of Energy Systems Engineering 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul 151-744 Korea
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Estimation of cavern configurations from subsidence data

Online Date: Thu, 25 Mar 2010 19:05:36 GMT

Abstract  
An analytical method has been developed to predict the location, depth and size of caverns created at the interface between salt and overlying formations. A governing hyperbolic equation is used in a statistical analysis of the ground survey data to determine the cavern location, maximum subsidence, maximum surface slope and surface curvature under the sub-critical and critical conditions. The regression produces a set of subsidence components and a representative profile of the surface subsidence under sub-critical and critical conditions. Finite difference analyses using FLAC correlate the subsidence components with the cavern size and depth under a variety of overburden strengths and deformation moduli. Empirical equations are proposed which correlate the subsidence components with the cavern configurations and overburden properties, allowing prediction of cavern configurations from the subsidence components.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0269-z
  • Authors
    • Kittitep Fuenkajorn, Suranaree University of Technology Geomechanics Research Unit, Institute of Engineering Muang District Nakhon Ratchasima 30000 Thailand
    • Sarayuth Archeeploha, Suranaree University of Technology Geomechanics Research Unit, Institute of Engineering Muang District Nakhon Ratchasima 30000 Thailand
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Physical and mechanical properties of Gokceada: Imbros (NE Aegean Sea) Island andesites

Online Date: Thu, 25 Mar 2010 19:05:34 GMT

Abstract  
The physical and mechanical properties of the andesite forming much of the island of Gökçeada (Imbros), Turkey, were investigated using 54 mm samples cores from 12 blocks obtained from a quarry. The results were evaluated using regression analysis and good empirical relationships were obtained.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0270-6
  • Authors
    • Cengiz Kurtuluş, Kocaeli University Department of Geophysics, Engineering Faculty Kocaeli Turkey
    • T. Serkan Irmak, Kocaeli University Department of Geophysics, Engineering Faculty Kocaeli Turkey
    • Ibrahim Sertçelik, Kocaeli University Department of Geophysics, Engineering Faculty Kocaeli Turkey
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Effect of opening on the shear behavior of a rock joint

Online Date: Thu, 25 Mar 2010 19:05:33 GMT

Abstract  
Irregularity of rock joints is an important parameter which can enhance the stability of potentially removable rock blocks or wedges around an underground opening. When irregular-sided blocks or wedges are bounded by joints, additional shear strength develops as a consequence of the confinement. With open joints, the interlock effect is reduced or lost and the shear strength drops, possibly to its residual value. A joint opening model has been developed that considers the effect of strength loss along the joint as a result of opening. The model relates the geometric parameters and stress–displacement and can easily be incorporated into existing joint models. Several numerical simulations of direct shear tests are presented to demonstrate the performance of the joint opening model.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0271-5
  • Authors
    • Joung Oh, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Inc. PB Geotechnical & Tunneling One Penn Plaza New York NY 10119 USA
    • Gyo-Won Kim, Kyungpook National University Department of Geology 1370 Sankyuk-dong, Buk-gu Daegu 702-701 Republic of Korea
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Influence of geological setting of islands and significance of reefs for tsunami wave impact on the Atoll Islands, Maldives

Online Date: Thu, 25 Mar 2010 19:05:32 GMT

Abstract  
This paper discusses the influence of the geological setting of islands and reefs in the Maldives on the impact of the 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. Geological and geomorphological data (including orientation, location, size, ellipticity, reef-island distance, proportion of reef area to island area) were collected for completely flooded and <25% flooded islands. The results show that although the different parameters may interact to reduce or magnify the impact, the reef-island distance is the most important factor. The critical minimum distance between the reef and the island shoreline required for the wave to set up is estimated as 89 m on the eastern and 140 m on the western sides of the island, respectively. Circular islands with short reef-island distance and small percent of reef area seem to be safer in the context of tsunami. The result of this study can be applied to identify islands that are naturally protected/resilient against natural disasters such as tsunami and those where the hazard is greatest.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0278-y
  • Authors
    • Mahmood Riyaz, Asian Institute of Technology School of Engineering and Technology P.O. Box 4 Klong Luang Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
    • Kyung-Ho Park, Asian Institute of Technology School of Engineering and Technology P.O. Box 4 Klong Luang Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
    • Mohamed Ali, SAARC Coastal Zone Management Centre Jamaaludheen building Malé Maldives
    • Hironobu Kan, Okayama University Graduate School of Education, Graduate School of Natural Sciences 3-1-1 Tsushima Naka, Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530 Japan
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Dynamic properties of cemented soils from Cyprus

Online Date: Thu, 11 Mar 2010 18:14:26 GMT

Abstract  
The paper presents results from a laboratory investigation into the dynamic properties of natural cemented sandy and cohesive soils from Cyprus, as expressed by shear modulus and damping ratio. The influence of various soil parameters, such as strain level, confining stress, undrained shear strength, void ratio, plasticity index, cementation and organic matter content is discussed. The test results show that cementation increases the small-strain shear modulus, but does not affect the other dynamic properties, such as small-strain damping ratio and the variations of shear modulus and damping ratio with shear strain.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0262-6
  • Authors
    • Th. Tika, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Department of Civil Engineering, Laboratory of Soil Mechanics, Foundations and Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Thessaloníki 54124 Greece
    • P. Kallioglou, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Department of Civil Engineering, Laboratory of Soil Mechanics, Foundations and Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Thessaloníki 54124 Greece
    • G. Koninis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Department of Civil Engineering, Laboratory of Soil Mechanics, Foundations and Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Thessaloníki 54124 Greece
    • P. Michaelidis, Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment Geological Survey Department Cyprus Geological Survey 1415 Lefkosia Cyprus
    • M. Efthimiou, Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment Geological Survey Department Cyprus Geological Survey 1415 Lefkosia Cyprus
    • K. Pitilakis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Department of Civil Engineering, Laboratory of Soil Mechanics, Foundations and Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Thessaloníki 54124 Greece
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Assessment of the site amplifications and predominant site periods for Saruhanlı, in an earthquake-prone region of Turkey

Online Date: Mon, 01 Mar 2010 18:08:35 GMT

Abstract  
An earthquake-resistant design should include the effect of local site conditions on the seismic ground motions. In this study, ground response analyses in 22 locations around the developing town of Saruhanlı in the Aegean Region of Turkey were undertaken using SHAKE software. The ground response analyses for a typical soil profile considered various modulus reduction and damping curves including effective confining stress and a plasticity index dependent model. The confining stress-dependent soil models and shear-wave velocity profile resulted in higher amplification ratios and lower predominant periods. High acceleration ratios (>3) and lower predominant site periods were found in the eastern part of the site such that buildings of ten or more storeys would be severely damaged.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0263-5
  • Authors
    • Nihat Sinan Işık, Gazi University Construction Department, Technical Education Faculty Ankara Turkey
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The Kano–Kazaure highway, north central Nigeria: the significance of the engineering geology in construction

Online Date: Thu, 04 Feb 2010 18:11:44 GMT

Abstract  Kano–Kazaure highway traverses granitic rock with minor occurrences of metasediments and fine sandy deposits. The soil profiles were studied to determine their suitability in the proposed dualization of the highway route as part of the Trans-Sahara international highway construction project. The soils derived from the granitic rocks are well graded, with a high maximum dry density and low optimum moisture content. The soils derived from the schistose and quartzite zone are also suitable for road base and sub-base but the transported loose silty fine sand/sandy silty soils of the Chad Formation are only limited suitability.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-009-0256-4
  • Authors
    • Charles Chuka Osadebe, Nigeria Building and Road Research Institute P.M.B. 1055 Ota Ogun State Nigeria
    • Babatunde Moruf Salami, Obafemi Awolowo University Department of Geology Ile-Ife Nigeria
    • Stephen Ewoma Obrike, Nigeria Building and Road Research Institute P.M.B. 1055 Ota Ogun State Nigeria
    • Muqadas Olatunbosun Ajala, Row Dot Nig. Ltd Lagos Nigeria
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Effect of nonlinearity on site response and ground motion due to earthquake excitation

Online Date: Mon, 25 Jan 2010 19:48:03 GMT

Abstract  
Ground motions under earthquake loading are influenced by the local soil conditions, but the non-linearity of the soil behavior makes it difficult to estimate the site response. The paper reports a non-linear analysis developed to elucidate the effect of non-linearity on site response, illustrating its applicability with reference to a petroleum storage tank site subjected to earthquake excitation.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-009-0254-6
  • Authors
    • Haydar Arslan, University of Colorado Boulder USA
    • Bilge Siyahi, Gebze Institute and Technology Gebze Turkey
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Geostructural and geognostic survey for a stability analysis of the calcareous cliff of Ispica (Hyblean plateau, southeastern Sicily)

Online Date: Fri, 22 Jan 2010 03:02:04 GMT

Abstract  
The paper reports a geostructural and geognostic survey to evaluate the stability conditions of the highly fractured calcareous cliff where the Monastery of the “Frati Minori” of Ispica is located. A large number of fractures affect the whole cliff, resulting in dangerous conditions. In addition to a careful inspection of the slope to measure the structural discontinuities and identify rock blocks larger than 1 m3, cored boreholes were extended to a depth of 30 m. The rock quality designation indicated that the rock quality varies from poor to fairly good. In this steep, vegetated area, the use of different investigation methods was necessary to determine the physical, mechanical and geometric parameters necessary to plan the remedial works and measures to reduce the risk of rocks falling.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-009-0257-3
  • Authors
    • S. Imposa, University of Catania Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche C.so Italia, 57 95129 Catania Italy
    • M. Corrao, Geocheck Srl, Gravina di Catania (CT) Catania Italy
    • F. Barone, University of Catania Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche C.so Italia, 57 95129 Catania Italy
    • G. Coco, Geocheck Srl, Gravina di Catania (CT) Catania Italy
    • R. Occhipinti, Verticalia S.a.s. Ragusa Italy
    • P. Mozzicato, University of Catania Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche C.so Italia, 57 95129 Catania Italy
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On the geology and the geotechnical properties of pyroclastic flow deposits of the Colli Albani

Online Date: Tue, 19 Jan 2010 17:43:13 GMT

Abstract  
This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation into the engineering geology properties of three pyroclastic deposits from the Colli Albani volcanic complex, typical of the subsoil of Rome (Italy). In their natural state, these materials are coarse-grained weak rocks, generally unsaturated in situ. The mechanical properties of the material are related to the geological origin of the deposits, their formation environment and mechanisms. These are also revealed by peculiar micro-structural features. A technical sheet for the description and classification of these deposits is proposed in the paper. The experimental investigation consisted mainly of identification and classification tests, one-dimensional compression and direct shear tests on saturated and dry samples. Due to their nature, non standard techniques had to be developed for sample preparation and testing. The main findings on compressibility, shear strength and creep properties of the materials are presented in the paper. Special attention is given to the definition of the failure envelope at relatively low confining stress and to the assessment of the influence of saturation on shear strength parameters.

  • Content Type Journal Article
  • Category Original Paper
  • DOI 10.1007/s10064-009-0250-x
  • Authors
    • Manuela Cecconi, University of Perugia Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Perugia Italy
    • Maurizio Scarapazzi, Geoplanning S.r.l. Rome Italy
    • Giulia M. B. Viggiani, University of Roma Tor Vergata Department of Civil Engineering Rome Italy
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